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click to enlarge photo UNICEF, India |
Diarrhoeal disease is one of the greatest killers of children in the
developing world and often the chief cause of child malnutrition.
Each year, in the
developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, approximately 2.2 million
children under five years of age die from acute diarrhoea. About 80 percent of these
deaths are in the first two years of life. In the developing world as a whole, about
one-third of infant and child deaths are due to diarrhoea.
Approximately 70 percent of diarrhoeal deaths are caused by dehydration - the loss of
large quantities of water and salts from the body. The human body needs water to maintain
enough blood and other fluids to function properly. If your body loses substantially more
fluids than you are taking in, you become dehydrated. |
A 'cure' for diarrhoea - a drug that would stop the disease, safely and effectively,
within a few hours - does not exist. Yet the deaths of over two million children a year could
be prevented by a method that is cheap, safe and so simple it can be learned and used by
any parent.
This treatment, which perhaps sounds too good to be true, is Oral Rehydration
Therapy (ORT). It consists in drinking a simple solution to replace the water
and salts lost from the body during diarrhoea. This solution could be
continuation of breastfeeding, home fluids made from commonly available
household ingredients, home made Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS), using sugar and
salt solutions (or a cereal such as rice) mixed with water, or using packaged
ORS which can be prepared by adding water to a packet of glucose and salts
costing about 10 cents.
Oral rehydration is one of the most cost-effective of all medical
technologies. The total cost (including staff salaries and other overhead) for
treating a child with ORT at a health facility is about US$1. If mothers
themselves prepare a solution from ingredients normally available in the home,
the cost is only a few cents. Drugs are usually required for no more than 10
percent of children treated at health facilities for diarrhoea.
Within the next decade the deaths of 20 million children could be prevented by
the use of oral rehydration. The British medical journal, the Lancet, called
it " ... possibly the greatest medical discovery of this century." No other
single medical breakthrough of the 20th century has the potential to prevent
so many deaths, over such a short period of time and at so little cost.
Rehydration Project is a private, non-profit, non-sectarian, international
development group. We aim to work within the health framework of developing
countries to help them achieve and maintain high levels of immunization,
improve access to clean water and safe sanitation, support breastfeeding and
promote hygiene education. We also show these countries how to promote ORT and
its effectiveness and how to develop educational programs to encourage
widespread usage. In short, new ways to promote, produce and provide ORT.
Because diarrhoea is so common and can be severe, Rehydration Project's focus
is to help educate all health practitioners and parents of small children on
the proper management of acute diarrhoea. To teach them that diarrhoea can be
prevented by breastfeeding, by immunizing all children against measles, by
using latrines, by keeping food and water clean, by washing hands (the child's
as well) before touching food and by making ORT known and available and
putting that knowledge directly into the hands of parents who need it.
Educating individual mothers and food handlers is important, but wider issues
such as environmental, social and economic factors also need to be addressed.
Communities' access to fuel, water, sanitation facilities and other resources
must be improved. Increasing family incomes can ensure that households have
greater choice about the food they buy and the preparation methods they use.
The main causes of diarrhoea are poor hygiene and lack of clean drinking
water. The improved care of children with diarrhoea could lead to a noticeable
decrease in the number of children who are hospitalized or die as a result of
diarrhoeal illness. It is the responsibility of government to support the
community in tackling these basic problems.
Please learn how you can help prevent children dying from dehydration and end
this silent plague.
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