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What is Diarrhoea and How to Prevent it
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2.2 million children will die from diarrhoea and related diseases this year.
80% of them in the first two years of their life;
42,000 a week,
6,000 a day,
four every minute,
one every fourteen seconds.
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11. 12 . 13 . 14 .
now. |
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Causes of Child Deaths -
March 26, 2005
The
Lancet
Worldwide 73% of the 10.6 million yearly deaths in children younger than
age 5 years: pneumonia (19%), diarrhoea (18%), malaria (8%), neonatal
pneumonia or sepsis (10%), preterm delivery (10%), and asphyxia at birth
(8%).
Of the 6.6 million deaths among children aged 28 days to five years:
1.7 million (26%) are caused by diarrhoea. 1 million (61%) of these deaths
are due to the presence of undernutrition. Millions more survive only to face
diminished futures, unable to develop to their full potential. |
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During diarrhoea, the body loses water and electrolytes in the form of
liquid stool. Fluids can also be lost through vomit, sweat, urine and
breathing. Dehydration occurs when these losses are not adequately replaced.
Diarrhoea may result in a decrease in food intake or nutrient absorption and
an increase in nutrient requirements which often combine to cause weight
loss and retarded growth. When a child's nutritional status declines, any
pre-existing malnutrition becomes worse. In turn, a child with malnutrition
can experience diarrhoea that is more severe, more prolonged and more
frequent than a non-malnourished child.
Diarrhoea may present in different forms such as acute watery diarrhoea,
dysentery (blood in stool), or persistent diarrhoea (more than 14 days).
Antibiotics should not be used routinely. They are reliably helpful only for
children with blood in the diarrhoea (probable shigellosis) and other
serious non-intestinal infections such as pneumonia. Anti-diarrhoeal drugs
and anti-emetics should not be given to young children with either acute or
persistent diarrhoea since they do not prevent dehydration or improve
nutritional status, and some have dangerous side-effect.
Diarrhoea causes dehydration. Children are more likely than adults to die from
diarrhoea because they become dehydrated more quickly. Diarrhoea is also a major cause of child malnutrition.
The main causes of diarrhoea are poor hygiene, lack of clean drinking
water, overcrowding, and the trend towards bottle-feeding rather than
breastfeeding. Infants who are fed only breastmilk seldom get diarrhoea.
Diarrhoea can be prevented by
breastfeeding, by immunizing all children
against measles, by using latrines, by keeping food and water clean, and
by washing hands before touching food.
Thousands of deaths could be averted through
interventions such as Oral Rehydration Therapy, appropriate drug therapy,
optimal breastfeeding practices, improved nutrition, increased access to
clean water and sanitation facilities and improved personal and domestic
hygiene. If families and communities work together, with support from governments
and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), they can do much to prevent the
conditions that cause diarrhoea. |
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What is Diarrhoea?
Diarrhoea is an intestinal disorder characterized by
abnormal fluidity and frequency of fecal evacuations, generally the result of increased
motility in the colon; may be an important symptom of such underlying disorders as
dysenteric diseases, lactose intolerance, GI tumors, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Diarrhoea is the passage of watery stools, usually at least
three times in a 24 hour period. However, it is the consistency of the stools rather than
the number that is most important. Frequent passing of formed stools is not diarrhoea.
Babies fed only breastmilk often pass loose, "pasty" stools; this also is not
diarrhoea. Mothers usually know when their children have diarrhoea and may provide useful
working definitions in local situations.
Clinical types of diarrhoeal diseases
It is most practical to base treatment of diarrhoea on the clinical
type of the illness, which can easily be determined when a child is first examined.
Laboratory studies are not needed. Four clinical types of diarrhoea can be recognized,
each reflecting the basic underlying pathology and altered physiology:
- acute watery diarrhoea (including cholera)
which lasts several hours or days:
the main danger is dehydration; weight loss also occurs if feeding is not continued;
- acute bloody diarrhoea (also called dysentery):
the main dangers are intestinal damage, sepsis and malnutrition; other complications,
including dehydration, may also occur;
- persistent diarrhoea
(which lasts 14 days or longer):
the main
danger is malnutrition and serious non-intestinal infection; dehydration may also occur;
- diarrhoea with severe malnutrition
(marasmus or kwashiorkor);
the main dangers are: severe systemic infection, dehydration, heart failure and vitamin
and mineral deficiency.
The management of each type of diarrhoea should prevent or treat the
main danger(s) that each presents.
Why is diarrhoea dangerous?
Diarrhoea causes rapid depletion of water and sodium
- both of which are necessary for life. If the water and salts are not replaced fast, the
body starts to "dry up" or get dehydrated. If more than 10% of the body's fluid
is lost death occurs.
Severe dehydration can cause death.
Despite many advances, diarrhoeal diseases and the
resulting dehydration are responsible for about 2.2 million child deaths every year.
Of these, approximately
50% are due to watery diarrhoea and occur
- either because of lack of access to ORS and/or health facilities,
- or because of incorrect case management (home or health facility).
The remainder are accounted for by persistent
diarrhoea (approximately 35%) and dysentery (approximately 15%).
Diarrhoea is caused by bacteria or viruses.
Children who are malnourished suffer much more; in turn, diarrhoea weakens children and
makes them more malnourished. Diarrhoea is also a major cause of child malnutrition.
How can diarrhoea be
prevented?
Diarrhoea can be prevented by pursuing multisectoral
efforts by:
- improving access to clean water and safe sanitation
- promoting hygiene education
- exclusive breast-feeding
- improved weaning practices
- immunizing all children; especially against measles
- using latrines
- keeping food and water clean
- washing hands with soap (the baby's as well) before touching food
- and by sanitary disposal of stools.
The above is most important message that can help parents
governments and communities to prevent almost all of these deaths and most of the
malnutrition caused by diarrhoea.
The key factors are unclean water,
dirty hands at mealtime and spoilt food.
65% of all child deaths
are from these 3 causes:
Acute Respiratory tract Infections now kills 3.6 million
children each year.
Diarrhoeal diseases are responsible for
about 2.2 million child
deaths every year.
Immunisation preventable diseases: measles,
tuberculosis, tetanus, diphtheria, polio, and pertussis are
responsible for some 2.1 million child deaths every year. Of these, almost 1 million are
attributed to measles.
The common thread that links these infectious diseases is
the nutrition of the mother and child. Malnutrition predisposes children to disease, and
diseases often result in worse nutritional status, and consequently a vicious cycle of
cause and effect is established.
The main causes of diarrhoea are poor personal and food hygiene and lack of clean
drinking water. It is the responsibility of government to support the community in
tackling these basic problems.
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Two recent advances in managing diarrhoeal disease – newly
formulated oral rehydration salts (ORS) containing lower
concentrations of glucose and salt, and success in using zinc
supplementation – can drastically reduce the number of child
deaths.
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348 kb |
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updated November 2004
29 kb
Diarrhoea
- 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases
(including cholera); 90% are children under 5, mostly in developing
countries.
- 88% of diarrhoeal disease is attributed to unsafe water supply,
inadequate sanitation and hygiene.
- Improved water supply reduces diarrhoea morbidity by between 6% to
25%, if severe outcomes are included.
- Improved sanitation reduces diarrhoea morbidity by 32%.
- Hygiene interventions including hygiene education and promotion of
hand washing can lead to a reduction of diarrhoeal cases by up to 45%.
- Improvements in drinking-water quality through household water
treatment, such as chlorination at point of use, can lead to a reduction
of diarrhoea episodes by between 35% and 39%.
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more
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What every family and community has a right to know about
Diarrhoea
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Facts for Life saves lives!
Every year, nearly 11 million children die from preventable causes before reaching their fifth birthday. Millions more survive only to face diminished futures, unable to develop to their full potential. |
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Many of these deaths can be avoided if parents and caregivers understand what to do when illness strikes and how to recognize the danger signs that signal the need for medical help. Facts for Life presents, in simple language, the most authoritative information about practical, effective and low-cost ways to protect children's lives and health. Everyone has the right to know this information.
We urge everyone to share and use these health messages to help save children's lives. |
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Diarrhoeal Disease: The health hazards from poor water, sanitation and hygiene behaviour
A recent report* notes that around 4 billion cases of diarrhoea are recorded each year, leading to 2.2 million deaths, mostly among children under the age of five (15% of all child deaths). Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions reduce diarrhoeal disease on average by between one-quarter and one-third.
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Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhoea each
year (2) cause 2.2 million deaths, mostly among
children under the age of five (3). This is equivalent
to one child dying every 15 seconds, or 20 jumbo jets
crashing every day. These deaths represent approximately
15% of all child deaths under the age of five
in developing countries. Water, sanitation, and
hygiene interventions reduce diarrhoeal disease on
average by between one-quarter and one-third (4).
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Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the population
of the developing world (2). These can be controlled
through better sanitation, hygiene and water supply
(5). Intestinal parasitic infections can lead to
malnutrition, anaemia and retarded growth,
depending upon the severity of the infection.
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It is estimated that 6 million people are blind from
trachoma and the population at risk from this
disease is approximately 500 million. Considering the
more rigorous epidemiological studies linking water
to trachoma, Esrey et al. (4) found that providing
adequate quantities of water reduced the median
infection rate by 25%.
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200 million people in the world are infected with
schistosomiasis, of whom 20 million suffer severe
consequences. The disease is still found in 74
countries of the world. Esrey et al. (4), in reviewing
epidemiological studies, found a median 77%
reduction from well-designed water and sanitation
interventions.
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Arsenic in drinking water is a major public health
threat. According to data from about 25 000 tests on
wells in Bangladesh, 20% have high levels of arsenic
(above 0.05 mg/l). These wells were not, however,
selected at random and may not reflect the true
percentage (6). Many people are working hard in
Bangladesh, West Bengal and other affected areas
to understand the problem and identify the solution.
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*Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment, 2000 Report. WHO and UNICEF.
WHO/UNICEF/WSSCC (2000) - ISBN 92 4 156202 1). Pg 2, Box. 1.2
Diarrhoea
WHO: Water Related Diseases
Diarrhoea occurs world-wide and causes 4% of all deaths and 5% of
health loss to disability. It is most commonly caused by
gastrointestinal infections which kill around 2.2 million people
globally each year, mostly children in developing countries. The use
of water in hygiene is an important preventive measure but
contaminated water is also an important cause of diarrhoea. Cholera
and dysentery cause severe, sometimes life threatening forms of
diarrhoea.
The disease and how it affects people
Diarrhoea is the passage of loose or liquid stools more
frequently than is normal for the individual. It is primarily a
symptom of gastrointestinal infection. Depending on the type of
infection, the diarrhoea may be watery (for example in cholera) or
passed with blood (in dysentery for example).
Diarrhoea due to infection may last a few days, or several weeks,
as in persistent diarrhoea. Severe diarrhoea may be life threatening
due to fluid loss in watery diarrhoea, particularly in infants and
young children, the malnourished and people with impaired
immunity.
The impact of repeated or persistent diarrhoea on nutrition and
the effect of malnutrition on susceptibility to infectious diarrhoea
can be linked in a vicious cycle amongst children, especially in
developing countries.
Diarrhoea is also associated with other infections such as
malaria and measles. Chemical irritation of the gut or
non-infectious bowel disease can also result in diarrhoea.
The cause
Diarrhoea is a symptom of infection caused by a host of
bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms most of which can be spread
by contaminated water. It is more common when there is a shortage of
clean water for drinking, cooking and cleaning and basic hygiene is
important in prevention.
Water contaminated with human faeces for example from municipal
sewage, septic tanks and latrines is of special concern. Animal
faeces also contain microorganisms that can cause diarrhoea.
Diarrhoea can also spread from person to person, aggravated by
poor personal hygiene. Food is another major cause of diarrhoea when
it is prepared or stored in unhygienic conditions. Water can
contaminate food during irrigation, and fish and seafood from
polluted water may also contribute to the disease.
Distribution
The infectious agents that cause diarrhoea are present or are
sporadically introduced throughout the world. Diarrhoea is a rare
occurrence for most people who live in developed countries where
sanitation is widely available, access to safe water is high and
personal and domestic hygiene is relatively good. World-wide around
1.1 billion people lack access to improved water sources and 2.4
billion have no basic sanitation. Diarrhoea due to infection is
widespread throughout the developing world. In Southeast Asia and
Africa, diarrhoea is responsible for as much as 8.5% and 7.7% of all
deaths respectively.
Scope of the Problem
Amongst the poor and especially in developing countries,
diarrhoea is a major killer. In 1998, diarrhoea was estimated to
have killed 2.2 million people, most of whom were under 5 years of
age (WHO, 2000). Each year there are approximately 4 billion cases
of diarrhoea worldwide.
Interventions
Key measures to reduce the number of cases of diarrhoea
include:
- Access to safe drinking water.
- Improved sanitation.
- Good personal and food hygiene.
- Health education about how infections spread.
Key measures to treat diarrhoea include:
- Giving more fluids than usual, including oral rehydration
salts solution, to prevent dehydration.
- Continue feeding.
- Consulting a health worker if there are signs of dehydration
or other problems.
Diarrhea /
Diarrhoea
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from
Diarrhoea)
Diarrhea in American English,
(spelt diarrhoea elsewhere) is a condition in which the
sufferer has frequent and watery bowel movements.
This condition can be a symptom of injury,
disease or
foodborne illness
and is usually accompanied by abdominal pain, and often nausea and
vomiting. There are other conditions which involve some but not all of the
symptoms of diarrhea, and so the formal medical definition of diarrhea
involves defecation of more than 200 grams per day (though formal weighing of
stools to determine a diagnosis is never actually carried out).
It occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the colon. As part of the
digestion process, or due to
fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts
of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to reaching the
colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid
stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited,
and watery stools result.
Diarrhea is most commonly caused by myriad viral
infections but is also often the result of
bacterial
toxins and sometimes even infection. In sanitary living conditions and with
ample food and water available, an otherwise healthy patient typically
recovers from the common viral infections in a few days and at most a week.
However, for ill or malnourished individuals diarrhea can lead to severe
dehydration and can become life-threatening without treatment.
It can also be a symptom of more serious diseases, such as
dysentery,
cholera, or
botulism
and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as
Crohn's disease. It is also an effect of severe
radiation sickness.
It can also be caused by excessive alcohol consumption, especially in someone
who doesn't eat enough food.
Symptomatic treatment for diarrhea involves the patient consuming adequate
amounts of water to replace that lost, preferably mixed with
electrolytes to provide essential
salts and some
amount of
nutrients. For many people, further treatment and formal medical advice is
unnecessary. The following types of diarrhea generally indicate medical
supervision is desirable:
- Diarrhea in infants.
- Moderate or severe diarrhea in young children.
- Diarrhea associated with blood.
- Diarrhea that continues for more than 2 weeks.
- Diarrhea that is associated with more general illness such as
non-cramping abdominal pain,
fever,
weight loss, etc.
- Diarrhea in homosexual males (tends to be more severe and may be
associated with
AIDS)
- Diarrhea in travelers (more likely to have exotic infections such as
parasites)
- Diarrhea in food handlers (potential to infect others)
- Diarrhea in institutions (Hospitals, child care, mental health
institutes, geriatric and convalescent homes etc).
Since most people will ignore very minor diarrhea, a patient who actually
presents to a doctor is likely to have diarrhea that is more severe than
usual.
Acute diarrhea
This may defined as diarrhea that lasts less than 2 weeks, and is also
called gastroenteritis.
This can nearly always be presumed to be infective although this is proven in
a minority of cases.
It is often reasonable to reassure a patient, ensure adequate fluid intake and
wait and see. In more severe cases or where it is important to find the cause
of the illness stool cultures are instituted.
The most common organisms found are
Campylobacter (an organism of animal or chicken origin),
salmonella (also often of animal origin),
Cryptosporidiosis (animal origin),
Giardia Lamblia (lives in drinking water).
Shigella
(dysentery) is less common and usually human in origin. Cholera is rare in
Western countries. It is more common in travelers and is usually related to
contaminated water (its ultimate source is probably sea water).
E Coli is
probably a very common cause of diarrhea, especially in travelers, but it can
be difficult to detect using current technology. The types of E. coli vary
from area to area and country to country.
Viruses,
particularly rotavirus is common in children. (Viral diarrhea is
probably over-diagnosed by non-doctors). The
Norwalk virus is rare.
Toxins and food poisoning can cause diarrhea. These include staphylococcal
toxin (see Staphylococcus)(often milk products due to an
infected wound in workers), and Bacillus cereus (eg rice in Chinese
takeaways). Often "food poisoning" is really salmonella infection.
Diarrhea is a common side effect of drugs (especially
antibiotics). Clostridium difficile infection is potentially
serious and is often related to antibiotic use.
Parasites and worms sometime cause diarrhea but often present with weight
loss, irritability,
rashes or anal itching. The commonest is pinworm (mostly of nuisance value
rather than a severe medical illness). Other worms such as hook worm, ascaris
and tapeworm are more medically significant and may cause weight loss, anemia,
general unwellness and allergic problems.
Amoebic dysentery due to
Entaeomeba histolytica is an
important cause of bloody diarrhea in travelers and also sometimes in western
countries which requires appropriate and complete medical treatment.
Chronic diarrhea
- Infective diarrhea
It is not uncommon for diarrhea to persist. Diarrhea due to some organisms may
persist for years without significant long term illness. More commonly a
diarrhea will slowly ameliorate but the patient becomes a carrier (harbors the
infection without illness). This is often an indication for treatment,
especially in food workers or institution workers.
Parasites (worms and amoeba) should always be treated. Salmonella is the most
common persistent bacterial organism in humans.
- Non infective diarrhea
These tend to be more severe medical illnesses.
Malabsorption: This is due to the inability to absorb food, mostly in the
small bowel but also due to the pancreas.
Causes include celiac disease (intolerance to
gluten, a
wheat product), lactose intolerance (Intolerance to milk
sugar, common in non-Europeans),
fructose malabsorption, Pernicious
anemia
(impaired bowel function due to the inability to absorb
vitamin
B12), loss of pancreatic secretions (may be due to cystic fibrosis or
pancreatitis), short bowel syndrome (surgically removed bowel), radiation
fibrosis (usually following cancer treatment), other drugs such as
chemotherapy, and of course, diarrhea-predominant
irritable bowel syndrome.
Chronic inflammatory diseases
There are of unknown origin but a likely to be abnormal immune responses to
infection. There is some overlap but the two types are
ulcerative colitis and
Crohn's disease.
Ulcerative colitis is marked by chronic bloody
diarrhea and inflammation mostly affects the distal
colon near the
rectum.
Crohn's disease typically affects fairly well
demarcated segments of bowel in the colon and often affects the end of the
small bowel.
Other important causes
-
Ischaemic bowel disease.
This usually affects older people and can be due to blocked arteries.
- Bowel cancer: Some (but NOT all) bowel cancers may
have associated diarrhea. (Cancer of the or large colon is most common)
- Hormone-secreting tumours: Some hormones can cause diarrhea if excreted
to excess (usually from a tumour).
Treatment of diarrhea
- Do nothing except ensure adequate fluids. This is the most appropriate
treatment in most cases of minor diarrhea.
- Try eating more but smaller portions. Eat regularly. Don't eat or drink
too quickly.
- Anti-diarrhea drugs: Use cautiously as they are said to prolong the
illness and may increase the risk of a carrier state. They are useful in
some cases, however, when it is important that you don't have diarrhea (e.g.
when travelling on a bus).
-
Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be required if they can be effective and
the patient is medically ill. They are sometimes also indicated for workers
with carrier states in order to clear up an infection so that the person can
resume work. Parasites require appropriate antibiotics.
-
Intravenous fluids or a "drip":
Sometimes, especially in children,
dehydration can be life threatening and intravenous fluid may be
required.
- Dietary manipulation: especially avoid wheat products with
celiac disease.
- Hygiene
and sometime isolation: Hygiene is important in limiting spread of the
disease.
- It is claimed that some fruit, such as
bananas,
mangoes,
papaya and
pineapple
may have positive effects on this condition. Bananas have the merits of
being easily obtainable, and they are unlikely to have any other significant
unwanted side effects.
Related topics
Diarrhoea: On-line Resources
A complete and up-to-date list of Diarrhoea, ORT, Low-osmolarity ORS, Zinc
Treatment, Rotavirus Vaccines, Breastfeeding, Hygiene, Hand-washing, Clean
Water and related resources can be found at
Enhanced Diarrheal Disease Control
Resource Center
A complete and up-to-date list of the
following and related resources can be found at
WHO:
Child Health and Development Resources
General
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Oral Rehydration Salts: Production of the new ORS WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1
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Clinical Management of Acute Diarrhoea WHO/UNICEF Joint Statement English
and French versions
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Oral Rehydration Salts UPDATE [HTML], 18 KB
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Using Radio Spots. To support national CDD programmes WHO/CDD/94.48
[HTML], 203 KB
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Diarrhoea Management Training Course: Guidelines for Conducting Clinical
Training Courses at Health Centres and Small Hospitals WHO 1992 [HTML]
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Medical Education. Teaching Medical Students about Diarrhoeal Diseases
[HTML]
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Health Topics: Diarrhoea
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Fact Sheets,
links to descriptions of activities, reports, news and
events and links to related web sites
and topics
-
Water-related diseases -
Diarrhoea occurs world-wide and causes 4% of all deaths and 5% of health loss
to disability
-
Diarrhoeal Disease - Major Global Progress
pdf
-
Diarrhoeal - Annotated Abstracts
pdf
-
A Global Review of Diarrhoeal Disease Control
UNICEF Staff Working Papers, Evaluation, Policy and Planning Series, Number
EVL-97-002
Scott Enzley, Fernando Barros - ISBN: [92-806-3279-5] ISSN: 1013-3178 February
1997pdf
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Child Survival: From Knowledge to action - Session 2: Diarrhoeal Diseases
Venice, 26 to 28 January 2003 - Dr Hans Troedsson, Director, Department of
Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH)
PowerPoint presentation
Planning
Guidelines and Training
-
Implementing the new recommendations on the clinical management of diarrhoea:
guidelines for policy makers and programme managers ISBN 92 4 1593421 7
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Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to
Shigella dysenteriae type 1 ISBN 92 4 159233 0
-
Diarrhoea Treatment Guidelines including new recommendations for the use of
ORS and zinc supplementation for Clinic-Based Healthcare Workers
USAID, UNICEF, WHO
[PDF], 397 KB
-
The Treatment of Diarrhoea. A manual for physicians and other senior health
workers ISBN 92 4 159318 0
[PDF], 1.065 MB
-
Guidelines for the control of epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1 WHO/CDR/95.4
[PDF], 19 KB
-
The management of bloody diarrhoea in young children WHO/CDD/94.49 [HTML],
67 KB
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Improving the practices of pharmacists and licensed drug sellers UPDATE, N
18 November 1994 [HTML], 9 KB
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The outpatient management of bloody diarrhoea in young children UPDATE, N
16 October 1994 [HTML], 11 KB
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Rice-based Oral Rehydration Salts UPDATE, N 7 August 1990 [HTML], 10 KB
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Advising Mothers on Management
of Diarrhoea in the Home CDD/93.1-2
Research
Preventing Travellers' Diarrhoea: How to Make Drinking Water Safe
Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments - Water, Sanitation and Health
- WHO/SDE/WSH/05.07
[pdf]
WHO information products on water, sanitation, hygiene and health can be freely
downloaded at:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/
A complete and up-to-date list of the
following and related resources can be found at
Environmental Health at USAID
Hygiene Improvement/Diarrhea
Prevention
A complete and up-to-date list of the
following and related resources can be found at
CDC:
Child Health and Development Resources
Guidelines for the Management of Acute Diarrhea
September 27, 2005 Page 1 of 4 INFORMATION FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS Guidelines
for the Management of Acute Diarrhea Increased incidence of acute diarrhea may
occur in post-disaster situations where access to electricity, clean water
Rotavirus and Severe Childhood Diarrhea | CDC EID
Recent studies suggest that as global deaths from childhood diarrhea decreased
during the past 2 decades, the proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations
attributable to rotavirus may have increased.
The Management of Acute Diarrhea in Children: Oral Rehydration, Maintenance, and
Nutritional Therapy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The management of acute diarrhea in
children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR
1992;41(No. RR-16): (inclusive page numbers).
Diarrhea, disease information, NCID, CDC
Infectious Disease Information Contents Infectious Diseases Information Index
Useful Sites Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection (non-Shiga toxin-producing
E. coli infection) Technical and additional information Frequently Asked
Questions
NIP: Diseases/Rota/Rotavirus diarrhea FAQs
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis (diarrhea) in
infants and young children in the United States (U.S.). Worldwide, rotavirus is
a major cause of childhood deaths.
Acute Diarrhea in Children: Oral Rehydration, Maint., Nutr. Therapy
This report on ``The Management of Acute Diarrhea in Children'' is CDC's first
statement regarding the important use of oral therapy for rehydration and
maintenance of children in the United States with dehydrating diarrhea, ..
Disease Listing, Travelers' Diarrhea, General Information | CDC Bacterial,
Mycotic Diseases
Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most common illness affecting travelers. When
should antimotility agents not be used to treat travelers' diarrhea? In several
studies, antimotility agents have been useful in treating travelers' diarrhea
...
Food and
Water Precautions and Travelers' Diarrhea Prevention
Travelers' Diarrhea (from Health Information for International Travel)
Frequently Asked Questions About Travelers' Diarrhea (from Division of
Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases)
New Drug Approved for the Treatment of Travelers’ Diarrhea (Archived
Highlight, originally released July 2004)
Diarrhea Prevention through Household-Level Water Disinfection and Safe Storage
in Zambia
Stored water in intervention households was significantly less contaminated with
Escherichia coli than water in control households (p < 0.001). Discussion
Households using the simple and inexpensive water quality intervention ...
CDC - Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children
To estimate the total number of child deaths from diarrhea, we plotted (for each
country with available data) the fraction of deaths of children <5 years of age
attributable to diarrhea against per capita gross national product ...
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